Definition and Examples of English Morphology

Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially regarding morphemes, which are the smallest units of language. They can be base words or components that form words, such as affixes. The adjective form is  morphological. Morphology Over Time Traditionally, a basic distinction has been made between morphology—which is primarily concerned with the internal structures of words—and syntax, which is primarily concerned with how words are put together in sentences. The term morphology has been taken over from biology where it is used to denote the study of the forms of plants and animals ... It was first used for linguistic purposes in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher (Salmon 2000), to refer to the study of the form of words, noted Geert E. Booij, in An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. (3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2012) In recent decades, however, numerous linguists have challenged this distinction. See, for example, lexicogrammar and lexical-functional grammar (LFG), which consider the interrelationship—even interdependence—between words and grammar. Branches of and Approaches to Morphology The two branches of morphology include the study of the breaking apart (the analytic side) and the reassembling (the synthetic side) of words; to wit, inflectional morphology concerns the breaking apart of words into their parts, such as how suffixes make different verb forms. ​Lexical word formation, in contrast, concerns the construction of new base words, especially complex ones that come from multiple morphemes. Lexical word formation is also called lexical morphology and derivational morphology. Author David Crystal gives these examples: For English, [morphology] means devising ways of describing the properties of such disparate items as a, horse, took, indescribable, washing machine, and antidisestablishmentarianism. A widely recognized approach divides the field into two domains: lexical or derivational morphology studies the way in which new items of vocabulary can be built up out of combinations of elements (as in the case of in-describ-able); inflectional morphology studies the ways words vary in their form in order to express a grammatical contrast (as in the case of horses, where the ending marks plurality). (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) And authors Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fuderman also discuss and give examples of the two approaches this way: The analytic approach has to do with breaking words  down, and it is usually associated with American structuralist linguistics of the first  half of the twentieth century....No matter what language were looking at,  we need analytic methods that are independent of the structures we are examining; preconceived notions might interfere with an objective, scientific analysis. This is especially true when dealing with unfamiliar languages.The second approach to morphology is more often associated with theory than with methodology, perhaps unfairly. This is the synthetic approach. It basically says, I have a lot of little pieces here. How do I put them together? This question presupposes that you already know what the pieces are. Analysis must in some way precede synthesis. (Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What Is Morphology? 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)

Buster Business Plan Essay - 1624 Words

Debra J. Lawrence LA6525017 Management 190-SP Entrepreneurship Business Plan BUSINESS PLAN Buster’s Retail Store 1501 Maple St P.O. Box 2534 Tacoma, Washington 98453 * INTRODUCTION * DESCRIPTION * PURPOSE * OWNER/EMPLOYEES * FINANCIALS * SALES FORCAST * PRO FORMA STATEMENT * MARKETING * OPERATIONS * LEGAL/SUNDRY * MAJOR CHALLENGES Introduction and brief description of the venture a. Buster’s is currently a small store operating in the lobby of the Sparks Building, a large office building, located at 15th and Maple in downtown Tacoma, Washington. Buster’s occupy 1,000 sq ft on the first floor b. Our vision for Buster’s is to ultimately expand to a chain of†¦show more content†¦e. The current employees will be compensated at $12.00 - $15.50 per hour. The new full-time employees will be compensated at $9.00 per and the part-time employee will receive $8.00 per hour. All full-time employees will receive additional benefits (health insurance, workers compensation, cafeteria and life insurance.) Wage adjustments are anticipated to be about 4% per year Financials Research indicates that the revenue requirements to add an additional store come to $250,000, which is largely single time fees associated with opening the store. These costs are financed through owner personal financing, private investors and loans from the SBA. It should be noted that we expect to be operating at a loss for the first six months before advertising begins to take effect and draw in customers. Buster’s will be receiving periodic inflow of cash to cover operating expenses during the upcoming two years in order to sustain profitability. Most of this funding has been arranged through lending institutions and private investors. No anticipation of cash flow problems is expected during the next three years. Sales Forecasts Buster’s expects a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years. Pro Forma Income Statement: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pro-Forma Income Statement | | | Busters, Inc. | | | |Show MoreRelatedbusters business plan Essay1854 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction a) This business plan describes a proposed venture to expand Busters from a one-store to two-store operation. b) Busters is a small retail store located in the lobby of a thriving large ofï ¬ ce building. It currently has three employees and sells snacks, sandwiches, beverages, cards, newspaper, books and small gift items. c) Ultimately, we hope to expand Busters so that it becomes a chain of 10-15 stores situated in the downtown ofï ¬ ce buildings. 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Related literature on food carts Essay Example For Students

Related literature on food carts Essay Getting a food cart franchise package: what are the advantages? Why food cart Franchise? Potential franchisees sometimes wonder if franchising is a necessary process, and may ask why they couldnt simply start a business on their own. The findings of the government suggest that franchisees enjoy a significant competitive advantage over the stand-alone or single business operators. They showed a study that 88% of franchise companies which opened in the previous five years were still in business under the same owner and only 4% Of these businesses failed. Also, a survey in that same article showed percent of all ewe businesses that started over a 10 year period dissolved Within their first six years. The percentages of success may vary with the study and that there maybe other studies out there but still reach same conclusion most suggest that a franchised business have a higher chance of success than independent, start-alone businesses. Here are some of the advantages of having a Food cart franchise: Food cart franchise are cheaper and have less lease or rent cost. Food cart franchise are transferable, since they can be moved easily or if the location is not profitable, Food Girt franchise are easy to operate and manage. Food cart franchise requires one to two personnel only. Food cart franchise needs a small space/location so it is easier to find one. Food cart franchise are easy to maintain, lowering overhead costs. Food cart franchise are ideal for businesses offering limited products or services, Food cart franchise can capture a wider market because location is along the ways of malls and commercial centers, Expansion is easy since it needs less capital. Reasons contributing to this include: A food cart franchise is a copy or duplicate, if you may, of an already successful business. The true value of a food cart franchise is the experience, know-how, and the operation procedures that comes with it. In franchising, there is the value added advantage of brand name recognition. There are also support Structure from the franchise company that the franchisee can take advantage of. A franchise avoids the costly trial-and- error periods that causes so many Start-up businesses to fail and close up. Http://franchisebusinessphilippines. Com/why-food-cart-franchise-business, The Effect of the Marketing Practices on small shops in South African townships ,) A complete paradigm shift in managerial thinking, in terms of service quality deliverance through the continual education and training of staff in fields such as customer care, customer satisfaction and customer service. i,) The product offering needs to be more consistent and reliable, ensuring that an overall perception is created within the minds of consumers. Attention needs to he given to details (such as checking expiry dates) in delivering services and products. Iii. ) owners/managers need to spend more time building relationships with their customers. This will assist in receiving regular feedback from customers in terms of customer satisfactions It helps to develop customer loyalty as customers enjoy pers onalized attention. Shops in Mendicants should, therefore, be more sensitive to the unique needs of their customers. Iv. ) The pricing policy of the shops in Mendicants should also be based on accepted accounting procedures and not only on intuition. Owners/managers Of shops in Mendicants indicated low levels Of adoption Of the marketing strategy concept. This suggests that an opportunity exists for these owners or managers to be educated on how to adopt marketing strategies hat enhance profitability. Furthermore, grocery shop owners,managers also regarded price as the most important aspect when applying the earmarking strategy mix. This implies that grocery shops in Mendicants compete primarily based on price. According to the study findings, these grocery shops also need to adopt the other 3 As of the marketing strategy, namely product, place and packaging in order to be more profitable. The owners/managers of grocery shops did, however, indicate that they lack the necessary funds to embark on extensive marketing practices.

Learning And Development Essays - Family, Human Behavior

Learning And Development Learning and Development: Does Birth Order Affect Who Children Become? Birth order is a topic studied by many psychologists through numerous different studies and conflicting viewpoints. In respect to the order in which children are born, psychologists have labeled specific personality traits for each child. While psychologists continue to disagree on the amount of emphasis to be placed on birth order and personality, studies have shown family size can be a determining factor in a childs learning and development. First-born, middle, youngest, and only children are the common birth order positions most commonly studied by psychologists. Alfred Adler, a major personality theorist, often studied the issue of birth order. He believed that the demands of each birth order position typically, but not inevitably, structure the way the parents treat the child and help define the childs resulting personality, (Parker, 1998, p.29). Frank Sulloway, author of the book Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives, states: Siblings compete with one another to secure physical, emotional, and intellectual resources from parents. Depending on differences in birth order, gender, physical traits, and aspects of temperament, siblings create differing roles for themselves within the family system. These differing roles in turn lead to disparate ways of currying parental favor. (Epstein, 1997, p.51) First-born children are more widely studied and have been found to have higher responsibilities within the family and a greater need for achievement. Strong self-discipline, a need for approval by others, susceptibility to social pressure, and conformity to authority and regulation are also common personality traits of first-borns. Middle-born children are more focused toward social relationships rather than fulfilling task demands and are the most ambitious and competitive. The youngest children tend to be less adjusted than middle-born children, are most likely to experience feelings of inadequacy. Only children tend to desire being the center of attention, have feelings of inferiority, and tend to be selfish in regard to sharing personal belongings. Although these personality traits are widely accepted, a national sample by the Academic Advancement of Youth of John Hopkins University found little relationship between birth order and personality. However, a mild relationship betwee n birth order and perfectionism was evident, (Parker 29). Family size is more commonly accepted as a contributing factor to birth order positions. If birth order is held constant, the larger the size of a family tends to be represented by a lower average IQ. First-born, as well as only children are often believed to have superior intellectual development, which can be explained by the greater amount of attention and verbal attention given by parents. This makes sense because parents of first-born and only children are able to focus more of their time with these children. A 1997 survey discovered the impact of a sibling born during the preschool and early grade school years. The first-born child was significantly affected by the birth of a sibling, which resulted in an increase in emotional problems leading to an increase in behavioral problems during the first year. In addition, the learning development of the first-born child significantly decreased due to the substantial changes in the childs learning environment (Baydar, Hyle, &Brooks-Gu nn, 1997, p. 964). First-born children tend to speak sooner than later-born children and have a verbal style known as referential. They are able to more easily learn and speak nouns and put two or more words coherently together. Later-born children are referred to as expressive because their first words often reflect social interactions they have picked up from their parents speaking with the older children, (Graeber, 1997, p.92). A 1996 study by Oshima-Takane, Goodz, and Deverensky concluded that although later-born children and first-born children did not differ in language development, the later-born children had a more advanced speech production (621). The combination of child-directed speech and overheard conversations between the parent and siblings account for this advancement. According to Pfouts 1980 research, first-born children achieve at a higher level than later-born, even when the later-born children are more intellectually gifted. Little difference has been concluded between only childre n and first-born children. Only children do, however, tend to have a significant intellectual advantageattributed from the quality of parent-child interactions in small families, (Parker, 1998, p.30). Socio-economic class should also be

Definition of Qualitative Analysis in Chemistry

Definition of Qualitative Analysis in Chemistry In chemistry, qualitative analysis is the determination of the chemical composition of  a sample. It encompasses a set of analytical chemistry techniques that provide nonnumerical information about a specimen. Qualitative analysis can tell you whether an atom, ion, functional group, or compound is present or absent in a sample, but it doesnt provide information about its quantity (how much). Quantification of a sample, in contrast, is called quantitative analysis. Techniques and Tests Qualitative analysis involves chemical tests, such as the Kastle-Meyer test for blood or the iodine test for starch. Another common qualitative test, used in inorganic chemical analysis, is the flame test. Qualitative analysis typically measures changes in color, melting point, odor, reactivity, radioactivity, boiling point, bubble production, and precipitation. Methods include distillation, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Branches of Qualitative Analysis The two main branches of qualitative analysis are organic qualitative analysis (such as the iodine test) and inorganic qualitative analysis (such as the flame test). Inorganic analysis looks at the elemental and ionic composition of a sample, usually by examination of ions in aqueous solution. Organic analysis tends to look at types of molecules, functional groups, and chemical bonds.Example: She used qualitative analysis to find that the solution contained Cu2 and Cl-  ions.

11th Grade Science Fair Projects

11th Grade Science Fair Projects 11th-grade science fair projects can be advanced. 11th graders can identify and conduct a project on their own. 11th-grade students can use the scientific method to make predictions about the world around them and to construct experiments to test their predictions. 11th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas Which fruits contain the most vitamin C?Can you find a plant which repels cockroaches? (or flies or ants)What percentage of home trash can be recycled or reused? How can people change shopping patterns to reduce waste? See if you can give numerical values in terms of weight of garbage produced. Is there a difference in cost, shopping to reduce waste as opposed to normal purchasing?Test products for impurities. For example, you could test toys for cadmium or water for lead.Can people tell the difference between a natural tan and one produced by a chemical product?Which brand of disposable contact lenses last the longest before a person decides to switch them out?Where in the house can you find the most bacteria?Is there a relationship between birth rate and season/temperature/moon phase?Which fruit contains the most sugar?Does sound affect plant growth?What materials are effective at blocking sound waves? Wi-fi signals? radio waves?Does ethylene cause fir trees (used for Christmas tre es) to drop their needles? If so, can you use an ethylene-trapping bag to prevent needle loss? At what angle can you launch a rocket that travels the furthest? a paper airplane?Does cigarette smoke affect plant growth? If there is an impact, does e-cigarette vapor have the same effect?Can personality type be predicted by music preference? What personality traits can you measure?What material is most effective at reducing attraction between two magnets?How can petroleum be dispersed in seawater? How can it be broken down chemically?How close can certain crops be planted together without the plants experiencing crowding?Under what conditions of crowding will cockroaches exhibit aggression?What are good designs to maximize heating efficiency of a solar home? Tips for a Successful Science Fair Project High school projects dont have to take longer than ones you might do in grade school or middle school, but youll be expected to use the scientific method.Demonstrations and models probably wont be successful unless they are simulations of complex behavior.A junior in high school should be capable of handling the design, implementation, and reporting for a science fair project. Its fine to ask for help with brainstorming, setting up an experiment, and preparing a report, but most of the work should be done by the student.You may work together with an organization or business for your project, which demonstrates organizational skills.The best science projects at this level answer a question or solve a problem that affects the student or society.

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business in United Kingdom Essay

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business in United Kingdom - Essay Example An offer is an expression of willingness to have a contract under specified sets of terms and conditions. This is made by an offeror and the focus here is that in case the offer is accepted, then the offeror is bound by the contract. In other words, an offer matches an individual’s manifestation about his or her intent to get into a binding contract with somebody else. Acceptance on the other hand refers to an expression of agreement which is unconditional and absolute. This is in regards to all terms formulated in a given offer. In this case, it refers to an assent by an offeree who is responsible for offering a legal contract (Berle 435). It can either be in writing or oral though it has to reflect on the original offer agreed upon. Capacity entails the capability of an individual to get into a legal agreement considering the fact that other people such as the insane, the drunkards and infants may not be able to enter an agreement. Intention is another element of a valid con tract and it simply entails intimating to get into an agreement. These elements play important roles as far as contracts are concerned. One of the importance of the elements is that they help in protecting an individual from potential problems for instance from overcharging or from losing deposit (Mitchell). They also ensure that one has a guarantee for complete and quality work. They also help in clarifying expectations of different parties involved into a contract as well as in knowing how possible conflicts can be resolved. Apart from these, they are important in that they enable parties to safeguard their resources. Typesof Contract Contracts are in different categories and they all have their impacts and relevance in applications. Written contracts are usually written and sealed off in official documents. One of the impacts of a written contract is that they get into operation once they have been adopted and delivered between the concerned parties. Friedman (105) notes that the y also bind all the parties involved within their terms without considering whether the terms have been read or not. There are contracts which require written evidence. These contracts have their evidences taking effect upon agreement and they help in preventing perjury and frauds. There are also sealed contracts which are usually made by a party and delivered to another party after sealing them (Wedderburn 99). These types of contracts are important in that they check on misconceptions. Finally, there are simple contracts which can be oral, partly written, fully written, oral or even implied. Their impacts are usually dependent on what is being agreed upon. Terms in a Contract Conditions in contracts mean the operating regulations between the contracting parties. One party’s performance is conditioned based on terms being operated upon. This further implies that termination remedy is present with damages or if there are no serious effects from a breach (Drew and Skitmore 228 ).Warranties are terms which are less essential and are mostly implied as collateral with regards to the key purpose. With warranties, there are no rights to termination. However, damages reflecting on actual losses are pertinent. Innominate terms are those for which there are no advance prescriptions for remedies. There is termination if effects felt upon a breach are serious and capable of depriving innocent parties of contractual benefits. TASK 2 It is possible that you hold Direct Training to the price they stated on the website. However,

The difference Between U.S.A and Canada in Education and Culture Research Paper

The difference Between U.S.A and Canada in Education and Culture - Research Paper Example The education system is different from the British model. In an overall representation, the educational system of USA with respect to school and system of university binds the above characteristics (The American Education System). 2.2 Basic educational system The country’s education system is comprised of basic 12 years of education in the primary level and then in the high school level. High school level education is necessary for getting admission in the graduate colleges and universities or in some professional institutes and technical schools of the country (USA Education System). Foreigners receive immense opportunities to study in USA in the higher education. The criteria are simple and it does not also require 12 years of mandatory education from this country. Although this notion is not applied in a generalized manner and it has been found that different boards follow different norms. But despite that the facilities given by the American system is quite great and they can pursue their educational career in diverse fields of study (USA Education System). In USA specific fragmentation of educational system are primary schools to grade K-6, junior high school grades to grades of 7-9, senior high school which comprise of grade 10-12 (Education in the United States). 2.3 Schooling in USA Federal system of government predominate the United States of America. The country possesses local governance and it possesses no country level system of education and curriculum. The public schools in USA are not controlled by the federal government. Every state has their respective departments establishing various norms of the schools in those states. Every state allocates fund to the public schools. The public schools receive funding from the local property... This paper approves that the brief study of the paper gives a proper idea about the educational system of United States of America and Canada and also their cultural aspects. In both the nations education is valued at apex levels and it is regarded as a key driver for social development. In USA education is regulated by different states and in Canada, education is regulated by different provinces. In United States education is compulsory at the fundamental levels and is funded by the states while in Canada there is no such free provision. In USA, the constitution highlights mainly on the notion of liberty, life and pursuit of happiness. On the other hand, the Canadian constitution focuses primarily upon the notions of peace, order as well as good government. This paper makes a conclusion that the educational system of USA is more flexible than the Canadian educational system and offers a great variety of learning options, career opportunities and easy access. While on the other hand Canadian education provides a strict platform for the entry of the foreigners. Higher education is tougher in Canada as compared to USA as it has various strict yardstick of assessment. In the cultural forefront, Canada follows a particularist approach with a conservative and peace loving country keeping good relation with outsiders. The attributes of partnership is strong and they are found within their work culture. Regional culture is omnipotent in Canada. In USA, Universalist approach is followed and they overemphasize on the logical explanation and experimentation. In the work culture they follow an individualistic approach and hardly care about their colleagues.

Room layout Essay Example for Free

Room layout Essay The room in which the presentation will take place must be organised specifically for my presentation as there are various factors that need to be taken into consideration, these are as follows: * Movement If there are certain times in the presentation that I need to move into or around the room then the positioning of chairs and tables needs to be considered thoroughly. * Barriers to communication The way in which the room is set out will also determine how certain mechanical barriers to communication can be controlled. For example if the chairs are placed too far away from my speaking point and they cannot hear, then this is a mechanical barrier. * Space There are certain combinations of room layout that may not be feasible because of a lack in physical space. Layout design ? Layout design ? Layout design ? The chosen design; why have I decided to use it? The chosen design takes into consideration all the possible mechanical barriers to communication that could potentially arise from bad planning. Mechanical barriers are a vital element to be considered when making a presentation. The Chairs have been arranged so that all the guests can see and hear all the relevant information I need to give and my visual aids have been placed in a position so that it will not be blocked by anything. I have decided against the use of a table in front of me for notes and slides as it may hinder some of the movement in my presentation. Possible clothing I might wear. There are various clothing types I could choose for the presentation each one is considered below: Smart I could choose to wear a suit for the presentation, the argument for this style of clothing is that it could be classified as a formal occasion and a suit would be the appropriate choice. However this may be too formal and as the criteria states the presentation is to entertain as well as inform, therefore I would like to keep my presentation fairly relaxed and so a suit may be the wrong choice in this situation. Tuxedo A tuxedo in the style of the fictional character James Bond may help to keep the atmosphere light but still have a formal approach; it is relevant to my presentation as it is of a military nature. This choice brings a more balanced approach to a mixture of both formal but relaxed at the same time. Military uniform Dressing in a military camouflage style uniform may help to keep the atmosphere on an entertainment basis and gives me scope to perform my presentation in a more unique and unusual way. I have chosen to present my findings in the military uniform and will be the theme for my presentation. It brings the right combination of humour and formality and at the same time brings a variation from a typical presentation style. Props/Equipment that I will need for the presentation. There are various pieces of equipment that I will need in order to present my findings appropriately. I have chosen to present it with various visual aids to help create my military theme. The equipment I will need is listed below: * Over head projector * Television screen with video capacity * Music system (for the opening sounds) * Military costume How will I remember what to say? Throughout the presentation I may need small prompts in order to keep my line of thought. This is vital to giving a good presentation as it helps to keep the talk smooth. If I stutter then it can cause problems with the information being passed, people will lose interest and so the presentation will not succeed, therefore careful planning must be made and small prompt cards produced with possibly one word or even a sentence, the reason they must be kept to a minimum ensures the I will not read from the cards. My body language must show I know the talk and eye contact must be held with the audience; if this does not happen and reading of the speech occurs people will again lose interest. Who will be at my presentation? I have decided to control who will be in the room while I am conducting my presentation; my reason for doing this is because of the room layout designs shown above. By controlling who is in the room I can organise where people are sitting which is fairly important in my presentation as I hope to include the audience as much as possible. I have pre-selected certain people in the audience to interact with, although these people are unaware of this it will help to create a light atmosphere. The list of people who will be at my presentation are listed below: * Frances Brown * Megan Rule * Rina Bhakta * Emily Finney * Bob Comb * Craig Brady * Alex Morey * Chrissie Ayrton * Benjamin Kelly * Ruari Lumsden These are the ten people I have decided to invite to my presentation. I must produce formal invitations to make sure who I invite is there. The invitations How will they look? There are certain things that must be included in the invitations; these things will ensure people arrive promptly to the right place therefore various pieces of information will be included, these are shown below: * Time of presentation * Place * Subject These things must be included in the invitation. To ensure people arrive on time I will also include a short sentence asking them to be prompt. My Theme As shown above in the What will I wear section I will be wearing a military Uniform. This ties in with my decided theme that I will continue throughout the presentation. I have chosen to include a theme for the entertainment of the audience. My theme is a military briefing style presentation and I will give it in the same form as shown in many military based television programmes and movies such as Independence day. The reason I will do this is to create a unique and out of the ordinary presentation; by doing this people may enjoy it more and stay focused on the presentation.

Cultural Media Watch :: essays research papers

Cultural Media Watch A few common assumptions would offer some very general stereotypes which most Americans are probably subjected to each time they tune into their favorite program. The problem with making assumptions based on stereotypes, racism, and bias maybe considered two-fold. Of primary concern should obviously be the narrow-minded and over generalized prejudice which exists in mainstream media culture. Then, of only slightly less distress, would be the willingness of society to accept such demeaning norms. However, within the ‘high definition’ world of television, some prime-time shows are shattering overused typecasting. Although, some are not, also. For instance, one such common immoral stigma would be that only men of European heritage may hold positions of authority; at home and more importantly, in an office. Furthermore, African, Spanish-speaking, and other ethnic Americans will be depicted as second-class citizens. Additionally, women of all races may not hold any high positions of a profession as do their male co-stars. Luckily, most of these false accusations were proven wrong. For this analysis of television diversity, or lack there of, a look at the portrayal of African American men as in their position within a working environment, the dynamics of their family structure, and the overall social implications of such position(s) will be explored. Then, in reflection of the growing population of Spanish speaking people, a look at the near absence may reveal a certain ethnocentric standard of mainstream television. In such culturally dynamic shows as, The Cosby Show and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Afro-American men held such high positions as judges, doctors, and lawyers. Although, these two shows are directly linked to such positive portrayals, that is, almost all characters of the show are Afro-American, they offer an enlightening depiction of ethnic justice. Besides, Euro-American dominated T.V. shows have conquered most major networks since the first picture tube was created. Also seen on these were other non-white characters whom hold an array of savvy jobs and social ranks. As an example, last week, on The Cosby Show, an African-American and a Spanish-American woman sat side by side with a panel of aristocrats while debating about some common social topics, namely women’s liberation. As the show progressed both women seemed to be disregarded through most of the program. However, the show ended when both women eventually became fed-up with the insulting arrogance of their male-coun terparts and verbally reprimanded their ignorance and specifically pointed to such behavior as to why women have become so imbued to eradicate their years oppression.

Naxalism Essay

One of the largest internal security threats that the government of India faces today is Naxalism. 1Recent reports show that naxalist movements have spread to as many as 22 states across India, including states such as Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi and Uttarakhand that were earlier known not to have any links to naxalism and as many as 39 Left-wing extremist groups are currently operating in the country with a combined membership of more than a lakh. The naxalite-armed movement is based on the Maoist ideology, which is mobilizing large parts of rural populations to revolt against established institutions by engaging in guerilla warfare. The Naxalite’s use of arm and ammunition against the state and central security forces has challenged the very principles of the state, which are sovereignty and the sole control on use of power. In light of this the research paper aims to explain that how Naxalism has proved to be a challenge to the state of India and how the Indian government is try ing to overcome this challenge. (2) According to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Naxalism remains the biggest internal security challenge and it is imperative to control left-wing extremism for the country’s growth. These lines by the Prime Minister itself explains that how Naxalism is a serious challenge to India. The terms Naxalites or Maoists are used to refer to militant far-left radical Communist groups operating in India. They are inspired by the doctrines of Mao Zedong who believed that Naxalites should work to overthrow the government and upper classes by violence. The start of Naxalism can be traced back from a period when the Mughals used to rule the country but originally it (3) started from Naxalbari area in West Bengal in 1967 and since then has spread to the rural areas in central and eastern India, ostensibly to champion the cause of small farmers and tribals through violence but was wiped out in 1970. It soon became out of fashion in its homeland West Bengal. But the underground operations of the outfit continued. The Naxal Management Division of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) describes the (4) objectives of Naxalites as destroying â€Å"the State legitimacy, and to create a mass base, with certain degree of acceptability, with the ultimate object of attaining political power by violent means.† The MHA has also stated that Naxalites attach themselves to various organizations and societies on issues such as displacement, land reforms and acquisition where they can increase their mass support. (5) They have been named as a terrorist organization according to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India, 1967. Naxalites since long have been challenging the central and the state government on various fronts. The naxalites have been attacking police establishments and infrastructures such as public transportation, national buildings, which has caused insecurity and instability in the entire area. (6) From the period 2006-2012, there were nearly 12,000 incidents with Naxalites in which 4,000 civilians killed. The Naxalites have been spotted active in approximately 40 percent of India’s geographical area. (7) They control large portions of remote and densely forested areas and are concentrated in an area called â€Å"Red Corridor†. This area is also the tribal belt where the tension between economic development and aboriginal land rights is most apparent. The Naxalists have shown activity in recent times in regions such as Darbha Valley, Chattisgarh that has led to several deaths of civilians and security-personnel. Naxalism affects the nation at various stages. It affects severa l macroeconomic factors such as reduction in per capita GDP growth, higher inflation rates, lower tax revenues, higher expenditure on defense at the cost of expenditure on education and health and lower exports, reduced bilateral trade flows and reduced foreign direct investment inflows. The Indian Government has adopted various policies and various steps in an attempt to tackle the problem of naxalism. The India Home Minister P Chidambaram has declared that the security forces need to be more assertive against the Maoists. However, this is only one part of the solution. An examination of the reasons behind the Naxalite movement indicate that military force on its own will not be enough to counter India’s biggest security. So various other approaches like 8A Task Force on inter-State coordination headed by Special Secretary, Internal Security, an  Inter Ministerial Group in the Ministry of Home Affairs to review the implementation of development programmes in Naxalite affected areas, a high-level Task Force under Cabinet Secretary have been formed for promoting coordinated efforts across a range of development and security measures. These institutional mechanisms, and the interactions that have taken place, have eventually helped to generate a degree of consensus among the States about the need to pursue a coordinated strategy. In an attempt to deal with this decades old problem, it has been felt appropriate, after various high-level deliberations and interactions with the State Governments concerned, that an integrated approach aimed at the relatively more affected areas would give surer results. 9With this in view, a detailed analysis of the spread and trends in respect of naxalite violence has been made and 34 affected districts in 8 States have been taken up for special attention on planning, implementation and monitoring of development schemes. Within these 34 districts, 8 most affected districts in 4 States, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa, have been taken up for implementation of integrated security and development action plans, an approach that can be replicated in other affected districts also. Focused attention is also being provided in meeting the security deficits in these districts, in terms of employment of infrastructure, police deployment, weaponry, equipment, etc. The concerned ministries are also taking necessary steps. The Telangana movement of the 1940’s was what started the Naxali movement and more importantly the revolt in 1967 in Naxalbari have created a political movement in India that is deep-rooted firmly and cannot be swept away easily. The state has been dealing with the problem of naxalism for the past 40 years and if it doesn’t change the way it handles naxalism then the problem of naxalism will carry on for coming few decades. The record of the past four decades shows clearly that an approach that is almost exclusively based on force and suppression is not able to destroy the movement. Even a situation like in 1971 where the state was able to curb the challengers with a hard hand and almost destroyed the movement, cannot be repeated today as it is entrenched too deeply within India’s socio-political sphere of the affected areas. The state is at war with itself but this war cannot be won by the use of military. It will carry on to be a part of Indian politics and   society, as long the state does not acknowledge the fact that why these movements are not coming to an end. The government seriously needs to find a permanent solution. The proposal of developing the remote areas will further worsen the situation, as it is not what the Naxalis demand. Therefore the state must start to fight the conflict legally, minimize collateral damage, strengthen the leadership of the security forces and abstain from any human rights violation. The security forces should start protecting the population living within the area of conflict instead of merely confronting the Maoists on large scale. The Naxalite movement must be challenged politically by presenting better alternatives to the Maoist approach and should offer new perspectives. In this regard the state should start addressing the basic needs of the poor and fulfilling its main responsibilities to deliver human development to these disadvantaged areas. But also the possibility of the Naxalites achieving their aims must be questioned. Indeed they were able to spread all over the country and constitute a big challenge but the persisting military tie makes it illusionary for the Maoists to seize state power within the foreseeable future. †¨Their advantage is that they put issues on th e public agenda, which were being ignored, and that they gave people a voice that was neglected. Today they are a part of the public discourse. I am in favor of the approach used by the naxalis as they are the minorities and it would have been unlikely for the movement to achieve similar results if it would have followed a non-violent approach, as they would have lacked publicity. Many people within the Indian society have sympathy for the root cause that the Maoists are fighting for, however the fewest agree on the violent way of struggle. The execution of brutal violence and attacks on civilians, such as the recent one where the Naxalis 10triggered a landmine blast in a forest area on the Maharashtra-Chhattisgarh border in the wee hours on Thursday, which eventually led to the killing of at least three police commandoes. Without a second thought Naxalism is a serious threat to the Indian state. The Naxalite movement is an indication of the failure of the Indian state to provide human development for its citizens. Naxalism does not only threaten the flow of foreign direct investments but could destabilize the whole politica l order as many citizens lose their faith in the state and therefore its legitimacy is challenged. India, which is on its way to become one of  the superpower on the international level, needs to tackle its internal problems urgently. BIBLIOGRAPHY: – Website articles 1. Amitabh Sinha: New Delhi, July 3, Fri Jul 04 2008, 23:18 hrs. 2. Deccan Herald, May 24. 3. Ritesh K Srivastava, reporting for zee news (October 17 2013) 4. Press release by government of India, Naxal problem needs a holistic approach (22 july 2009). 5. Article by Naxal Management Division, a part of the home ministry of India on Naxals. Books: – 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company) 2. The Naxalites and their Ideologies by Rabindra Ray, Third edition (Oxford India Paperbacks) Primary Source: – 1. Red Sun by Sudeep Chakravarti (Penguin books Company)

How Society and Culture Affect Friendship Essay

How society and Culture affect Friends and Social Activities The ‘social’ is an important concept to know to understand this topic. It is the totality of explanations describing how people interact and make meanings of their experiences. Culture, as should be known, is Shared, transmitted, learned, adaptive etc. Different cultures promote different relationships and can either hinder or encourage certain activities among its people. Friends that people make will differ based on their cultural views and belief. Example: Jamaica’s motto â€Å"Out of Many, One people† This implicates unity within our culture. Regardless of colour, religious belief or ethnicity people make friends and partake in the pretty much the same activities. Going to the movies, going to dances, parties, clubs, bars etc. While  In a country like Trinidad with segregated culture, you have people of different races separate and apart from each other. Religious backgrounds (whether Hindu or Christian) can form who you choose to be your friend and some activities are labelled generally white, or generally black, or generally Indian rather than having equilibrium between all races. Society – This is known sociologically as a group of people related to each other through persistent relations (usually sharing the same geographical location) Society has norms which is expected behaviour of each individual, thus it is an important factor in your activities and friend choice. It must be societally acceptable else you may be labelled deviant. Your general upbringing and status/class usually shapes who you make friends with. Example: People from ‘Uptown’ tend to make friends with those of a similar background, or financial status as them. Similarly people of limited means stick together and form friendships. However there are some exceptions, especially in more open society of today where there are friendships formed across classes due to similarity in personality or social activities. Society is more likely to expect that people from higher classes would partake in activities like theatre and go to exclusive parties. It is seen where today, especially in Jamaica, regardless of status, social activities are open to any and everyone.

Outline and assess the different roles Australian women played in World War 2 Essay Example

Outline and assess the different roles Australian women played in World War 2 Essay Example Outline and assess the different roles Australian women played in World War 2 Essay Outline and assess the different roles Australian women played in World War 2 Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation The Second World War bought significant changes to womens roles in Australias society. By working in munition factories or serving in auxiliary forces etc, women were able to make a greater contribution to the war effort, than they had during the First World War.These women of the 1940s went from domestic roles to active service and war related work, as well as this work bringing changes to womens roles, women also found financial independence and freedom that was thought of as a huge benefit. While most women returned to domestic roles after the war, women did stay on in some areas of work such as on trams, bus driving and postal work.In my essay I will outline and assess the significant roles Australian women played and the main contributions they made to the Second World War.One of the most important roles that women played in World War 2 were jobs previously done by men.Robert Engwerda states that:For the first time women entered a range of occupations that were traditionally con sidered to be carried out by men: Tram conductors, bread carters, bus and taxi drivers, to mention but a few.(Engwerda, 1999, pg 210)It wasnt till the invasion of Australia was feared, that the government came to rely on the contribution of women. The huge increase in employment of women threatened some trade unions as women took on jobs such as postal work and metre readers, but they came to realise that mens labour needed to be freed for active service and war related work.It was not only postal work that women were involved in during World War 2, increasing numbers of women were found in factories and steel mills.Women working in industry took on the huge role of mechanical work such as material production (making weapons).In 1943 the number of women employed in such work jumped from 1000 to 145000.(Darlington Hospodaryk, 1999, pg 104)These women worked hard at their job but didnt get any where near as much money as men did.As one woman put it:It was hard work and boring too. We worked for long hours and it was dirty and very, very noisy. We were always tired.(Coup, 1998,pg 109)While in cities women were found in factories and steel mills, the women from rural areas took on shearing, dairying, crop planting and harvesting.From early in the war there were land armies formed to boost agricultural production.Over 3000 women joined the Australian Womens Land Army (AWLA). They worked full time helping farmers with whatever work needed doing. The Government arranged for them to grow food for Australian and American troops, they didnt have the machines they needed to grow too much food and harvest it quickly. Land Army girls were frequently sent to work and live in bush camps in remote areas; they were moved after a certain period of time depending on how much they were needed. Despite the fact that Women in the Land Army were separated from their families, they felt they were better off than most.In Esme Corcorans story, she states:We girls in the Land Army were better off than most other people as all our work clothes are provided. Also, because I was on a farm I had plenty of butter, milk, eggs and meat, so I was able to send my ration coupons down to my mother.(Cotter Engwerda, 1999, pg 211)As well as serving in the Australian Womens Land Army (AWLA), around the same time womens Auxiliary forces of the Army, Navy and Air Force were formed, but these services were more military based.The contribution of women to these services was thought of as a vital role in the war effort.Over 18000 women joined the Australian Womens Army Service (AWAS); Over 16000 joined the Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) and around 1400 in the Womens Royal Australian Navy Service (WRANS). About 500 of the women who joined the Army went to New Guinea and the rest stayed In Australia.The work women did were things like back-up work for the army, plane spotting and were trained in transport, communication and maintenance. They were also trained in comba t, in case Australia was invaded.When the women first signed up to the army, they werent treated very well.They hated usthey didnt want a Womens Army.In training, we had no uniforms, only the long winter coats.The instructors were not happy about our assignment.(Frieda Helen Simon, discovery.com/area/freshhistory/fresh1.4.html pg 1-2).The Womens Royal Australian Navy Service (WRANS) had similar roles to those in the AWAS.Women worked as transport drivers, dental mechanics, telegraphists, typists, cooks, supply assistants, translation interpreters and much more.The Navy also formed nursing services but these were much smaller organizations.The last branch of services that was considered a vital role in World War 2 was the Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF).These women were trained and taught jungle and ocean survival.The terrain, climate, lack of civilisation and most of all the bestiality of the enemy, are all taken into account in the training.(Eshuy, et.al. 1996, pg 229 )By doing postal work, working in factories or serving in Auxiliary forces, Australian women certainly developed a strong respect for their achievements but it was also the contribution of the 78000 women that enlisted in either the Australian Army Medical Womens Service (AAMWS), The Australian Army Nursing Service, RAAF Nursing Service or the Voluntary Aid Detachments, that made Australia proud.Women served in the Armed forces in World War 2 but only the nurses served in combat areas.These women would have undertaken the most gruelling roles and would have suffered the hardships of the war along with the men that were fighting.Countless women served in all branches of the service, and relieved or replaced men from combat duties. They earned the respect of their fellow soldiers as they sloughed through mud, lived in tents, dived into foxholes and dugouts during horrendous air raids.(http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets.5.html pg 2)Not only were there hard working nurses, some women voluntarily undertook nursing because they thought it was a vital role they could play.There were orgainsations formed that were especially for women who were prepared to volunteer for war related work such as: Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES).R.S Dowling writes:These young Australian Women have voluntarily undertaken one of the most gruelling, and certainly most horrendous tasks open to RAAF Nursing ServiceThey are referred to as Flying Angels, Angels of Mercy or Ministering Angels.(Eshuys, et.al. 1996, pg 229)All these roles women played in World War 2 were extremely important, because there would have been a huge lack of men fighting for Australia.The Government denied womens involvement in World War 1 but in World War 2 they relied heavily on their contribution.All those nurses that provided medical care for the wounded straight away states the importance of women in war.But it wasnt only nurses, it was also very important to have women in communicati on and signalling also in factories making weapons for use in the war.Womens roles in the 1940s were underestimated enormously by Australias society but as this essay shows each and every role that was played by the women of Australia was vital, but the most significant included, all the nurses that provided help to the wounded and the skills they learnt that saved the lives of many men of Australia.

Short Writing and Discussion Topics for ESL

Short Writing and Discussion Topics for ESL The idea of this exercise is to get students to quickly write about a topic they choose (or you assign). These short presentations are then used in two manners; to generate spontaneous conversations on a wide range of topics, and to take a look at some common writing problems. Aim: Working on common writing mistakes - generating conversation Activity: Short intensive writing exercise followed by a discussion Level: Intermediate to upper-intermediate Outline Variation 1: Tell students that they will have exactly five minutes (reduce or extend the writing time as you feel is appropriate) to write about a subject on the list that you are going to give them.Variation 2: Cut the list of topics into strips and hand a different topic to each student. Tell students that they will have exactly five minutes (reduce or extend the writing time as you feel is appropriate) to write about the topic you have given them.Explain that students shouldnt worry about their writing style, but, rather, they should focus on quickly writing down their feelings about the topic they have chosen (or you have assigned).Have each student read what he or she has written to the class. Ask the other students to write down two questions based on what they hear.Have the other students ask questions about what they have heard.During the course of this exercise, take notes on common mistakes that occur in student writings.At the close of this exercise, discuss the common mi stakes you have taken not of with the students. In this manner, no student feels singled out and all students benefit from learning about typical writing mistakes. Writing Storms The best thing to happen to me today The worst thing to happen to me today Something funny that happened to me this week What I really hate! What I really like! My favorite thing A surprise I had A landscape A building A monument A museum A memory from childhood My best friend My boss What is friendship? A problem I have My favorite TV show My son My daughter My favorite grandparent

Talent Management Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Talent Management Strategy - Research Paper Example This paper will therefore analyse a talent management strategy that links an organization’s goals to talent management strategy in order to gain a competitive edge over rival organisations. The first step in coming up with a talent management strategy is to access the business environment and come up with the important issues that affect the performance of a business both in the long run and in the short run. Strategic context of talent management First, is the visionary aspect of the organisation where it will be concerned with trend spotting; here an organisation scans the environment it is operating in to identify the trends in social, economical and technological activity. In visionary aspect, a company will weigh its effectiveness in translating academic and technical research to business ideas that will give it a competitive edge over its rivals. The explorer aspect of the business involves identifying products for potential growth and markets that are unexploited, in ad dition, the organisation identifies other organisations with which it can collaborate with in order to increase the volume of its business. The third aspect that organisations can capitalise on is the builder aspect; this involves managing customers’ feedback and determining their preferences. In addition, it will entail developing the products of the organization and adopting the appropriate pricing and advertising mechanisms, the distribution mix, which ensures maximum customer satisfaction, will be evaluated. The lobbyist aspect will involve maintaining a good corporate image with the key stakeholders, presenting the organisations interests within the political environment and lobbying for favourable operating conditions with the regulating bodies. The architect aspect involves recognising technological developments that can be relevant in operations of the organisation, implementing those developments to ensure improved processes and systems. In addition, it oversees plan ning and implementing of major changes in the organisation structure and practise (Dejoux & The?venet, 2011). Trouble shooter aspect will involve measuring of the corporate activity to be able to identify problems, refocus of an organisations operations for them to be in line with its core aim and tackling problem with high cost operations that have low value hence increasing the productivity of the organisation. The regulator aspect will ensure development of relevant indicators that will be used to monitor and control business activity within the organization, in addition, it ensures the development of standard procedures of operation in order to improve process efficiency and standardisation, establishing financial discipline throughout the organisations activities will also be a part of the regulator aspect. The integrator aspect will ensure the continuous process of improving the employees’ capabilities, it will also be responsible for the continuation and upholding of t he business values and ethics. In addition, integrator aspect is responsible for sharing of information, resources and knowledge throughout the organisation. Key components of talent management For an organisation to capitalise on the above aspects, it will require that talent within its employees or externally be identified, the process of identification of talent will be done

Aviation Human Factors Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Aviation Human Factors - Case Study Example It is designed to be fixed on all aircrafts with a maximum take-off weight of over 5,700 kg or those authorized to carry above nineteen passengers. The implementation of Traffic Collision Avoidance System added a safety barrier in preventing mid-air collisions (Dumitrache, 2013). The innovation was made after the Grand Canyon mid-air collision that occurred in 1956 and led spurred aviation authorities into action. In the accident, a United Airlines Douglas DC-7 hit a Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation and killing all the 128 passengers on board both flights. The innovation still required further study, training, refinements and regulatory measures because of the limitations of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System. Furthermore, misuse of the same innovation resulted in other fatal incidents and accidents. Inadequate training and poor coordination among pilots has led to low effectiveness of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System. For instance, the Uberlingen mid-air collision has been blamed on The Tupelov pilot’s failure to follow their TCAS RA and the Boeing pilot’s failure to follow the ATC instruction (Wickens, 1998). The problem presents an important gap that can only be bridged by more training and more refinements coupled with improved research. Advantages. Using Air Traffic Control is particularly resourceful in aiding the decision of the pilot and the direction of the aircraft’s maneuver. According to Wickens (1998) it allows the pilot to make the most logical decision using the two guidelines. Disadvantages. Pilots are expected to respond to the RA immediately unless that action would jeopardize the safety of the flight. This rule means that pilots can maneuver against ATC instructions or disregard the instructions altogether (Dumitrache, 2013). Furthermore, the ATC instructions could be contradictory to the

The Artist Marcel Duchamp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Artist Marcel Duchamp - Essay Example The essay "The Artist Marcel Duchamp" states the Marcel Duchamp, his art, and life. He began to learn artistic processes here, and Duchamp later remarked that his teacher believed the then contemporary impressionist style were debased and sought to instruct only traditional techniques; as a result, Duchamp’s primary influence became his family. During this formative period Duchamp was predominantly influenced by academic style of art including the post-impressionist and symbolist schools. When Duchamp turned 17 he moved to Paris to pursue a career as an artist. He was immediately influenced by the prevailing artistic trend of cubism and much of his early work reflects these influences; Duchamp’s work, however, reflects more eccentric personal images and psychology than most of the established cubist art. In 1912 Duchamp completed one of his most renowned works, ‘Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2’. While the painting incorporates traditional cubist elements of shifting perspectives, its cryptic title and focus on the movement of the object have led many critics to identify it as a monumental work. Like much great art, the painting was derided upon its release. The work was originally supposed to be exhibited in Paris, but the curator asked Duchamp to change the title to which he refused. When it was finally exhibited in a 1913 New York exhibition the painting was even termed, â€Å"an explosion in a shingle factory. The painting is almost ironically referring to the Renaissance ‘nude’ in its title.

Possibility Of A Gender Neutral Language English Language Essay

Possibility Of A Gender Neutral Language English Language Essay As the story in the Book of Genesis goes God created man and then created women. This joke makes fun of this and is an example of sexist language because it represents men in a light of inadequacy compared to women. But, for every joke that represents men in this light there is an even greater amount of language that is used to discriminate against women. Lu Min (2009) explains that sexist language is that which uses words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either gender(26). Phrases such as best man for the job or occupational titles such as policeman or fireman are masculine in their description. This sort of language excludes women who could in fact be the best person for the job or similarly, a police officer or firefighter. Language is always changing and in fact in recent years there has been a push for more gender-neutral language as opposed to the sexist language that is already in place. Leaper and Bigler (2004) explain that there has been a shift in peoples speech and writing away from the generic use of the masculine pronouns he and masculine compound nouns such as chairman. Instead, it is now common to find people using gender-inclusive language such as he or she or chairperson (138). There is some debate on whether we should have a gender-neutral language or not. Those in support of a gender-neutral language feel that if this were put into place there would be equality for everyone. Those who are against changing the language that is already in place argue that phrases such as you guys or mankind are already considered gender-inclusive because they refer to all people regardless of gender. They simply see these words, phrases, and expressions as a quirk in the English language. While there are s everal languages that use masculine forms such as Chinese, Spanish, and Italian, the focus of my paper will be on English in various parts of the world. I believe that the current masculine forms of language are not inclusive and that there should be more of a push for gender-neutral language whenever possible. Changes in language will inevitably take course through the duration of time and if more people who speak English become aware of the gender-bias that currently is in place eventually we may be able to have a language that is more gender-inclusive. From my research, Ive observed that there is currently a trend of making language more inclusive. For example, in America in a study done at Virginia Commonwealth University, researchers found that there was consciousness of gendered-biased language as being sexist. Similarly, young people in Australia who speak English, since the 1980s, have been pushing for more generic phrases when referring to individuals. In Hong Kong, speakers of English prefer a masculine form of language but through studying college students they have found that feminist movements in the West are having great impacts on the way young people speak. Deborah Cameron (1992) cites Robin Lakoffs Language and Womans Place which asserts that there is a characteristic register or womens language consisting of certain linguistic gestures and connoting tentativeness, deference, and lack of authority. Women are socialized into using this style of speech as part of their subordinate social position (15). This is what experts would classify as the dominance approach because it demonstrates a power/powerless relationship among men and women. Another approach that Cameron cites is the difference approach which claims that differences in the speech behaviors between men and women come about due to the differences in socialization. As the author puts it, in most cultures there is still considerable social segregation of the sexes, and children learn their conversational strategies for the most part in single-sex peer groups. Research suggests that these are organized differently for the two sexes (15). Leaper and Bigler (2004) invoke the work o f Whorfian who says that language shapes thought (131). More specifically, they argue that some previous research supports the notion that the use of gendered language and having gender-stereotypic thoughts are reciprocally related (131). This goes back to the example of occupational title such as policeman, congressman, or waitress as having to do with the particular person in that position. As I mentioned earlier there is a group of individuals who believe that the English Language is already gender-inclusive. To this group of individual the phrase man would be used as a means of classifying both men and women such as the term mankind. This is illogical for several reasons. For example, if we take this idea of the term man encompassing both males and females and apply it to a similar set of words we quickly find that it does not hold. We can say that a miniature poodle and an alligator are both animals. The term animal like man is being used in a generic sense. It would be correct to say that every miniature poodle is an animal. It would also be correct to say that every alligator is an animal. While at a park you may hear someone say I see an animal. There is no real need to specify whether that animal is an alligator or a dog if that person is just making an observation. There are certain times, however, that this information may be useful. If someones life was being threatened by an alligator you may hear another individual warm the person about to be attacked by saying Thats an alligator! instead of just using the generic animal. If we take the generic term person which can mean either a male or female and use it in the following sentence: This person is having a baby we would assume that this person is a female. To say that this man is having a baby would not only sound funny but it would also be incorrect. Men simply cannot have babies. So, if the term man was generic in what it refers to, either males or females, it would be acceptable to say that man had a baby. Again, we run into a problem of the term not being generic in what it is referring to and thus proves that the term man does not subsume both terms of describing gender. Kenichi Namai (2000) cites a study by Greenbaum and Quirk that explains that in English, gender is not a feature of nouns themselves (as in such languages as German or Russian). Rather, it relates directly to the meanings of nouns, with particular reference to biological sex (771). What the author is basically arguing is that English should not show any grammatical agreements betw een terms such as those that are used to refer to gender. In the article, Namai gives the example sentence he hit herself (773). This sentence is incorrect for what Namai explains as not being a syntactic disagreement with the antecedent and reflexive but says that the conflict arises from a disagreement between the antecedents in terms of sex (774). So if we refer back to the problem of the sentence that man had a baby we see that the problem arises from a disagreement in terms of sex. This would mean that the identification of man being inclusive of all genders is incorrect. Jochnowitz (1982) cites a similar argument from Robin Lakoff who says My feeling is that this area of pronominal neutralization is both less in need of changing, and less open to change, than many of the other disparities that have been discussed earlier, and we should perhaps concentrate our efforts where they will be most fruitful (200). This is surprising because this article is written as Jochonowitz claims from a feminist perspective, yet the author [Lakoff] does not advocate abandoning indefinite he (200). Murdock and Forsyth (1985) in a discussion of Lakoff say that Lakoff would agree that the generic he does refer more to men than to women, but notes that the long-range consequences of the oft-used phrase may be fairly trivial (40). The two studies by Murdock and Forsyth were conducted to define reactions to gender-biased language empirically (39). What they aimed at finding out, as the title of their work suggests, is gender-biased language considered sexist. In the first st udy individuals were asked to evaluate the sexism in several sentences that contained no bias, used words as man or he in the generic sense, or referred to women in an unfair, stereotypical manner (39). The second study focused on examining reactions in a more naturalistic context by asking respondents to evaluate an essay written using all plural pronouns, generic pronouns, or generic pronouns plus evaluative stereotypic phrasings (39). What Murdock and Forsyth discovered was that the reactions to gender-biased language were taken as being sexist. This goes back to the original argument that gender-biased language is in fact not inclusive of both sexes. Another particular finding for Murdock and Forsyth that is surprising is that all do not agree concerning the sexist nature of masculine-biased language (47). Lead this to Æ’Â  Hong Kong English Æ’Â   Australian English Look for Strahan Discussion NoteÆ’Â   Conclusion

Laughter :: essays research papers

A little old lady went into the Bank of Melbourne one day, carrying a bag of money. She insisted that she must speak with > the manager of the bank to open a savings account because, "It's a lot of money!" > After much hemming and hawing, the bank staff finally ushered her into the managers's office (the customer is always right!). The bank manager then asked her how much she would like to deposit. > She replied, "$165,000!" and dumped the cash out of her bag onto his desk. > The manager was of course curious as to how she came by all this cash, so he asked her, "Ma'am, I'm surprised you're carrying > so much cash around. Where did you get this money?" > The old lady replied, "I make bets." > The manager then asked, "Bets? What kind of bets?" > The old woman said, "Well, for example, I'll bet you $25,000 that your balls are square." > "Ha!" laughed the manager, "That's a stupid bet. You can never win that kind of bet!" > The old lady challenged, "So, would you like to take my bet?" > "Sure," said the manager, "I'll bet $25,000 that my balls are not square!" > The little old lady then said, "Okay, but since there is a lot of money involved, may I bring my lawyer with me tomorrow at 10am as a witness?" > "Sure!" replied the confident manager. > That night, the manager got very nervous about the bet and spent a long time in front of a mirror checking his balls,turning from side to side, again and again. He thoroughly checked them out until he was sure that there was absolutely no way his balls were square and that he would win the bet. > The next morning, at precisely 10am, the little old lady appeared with her lawyer at the manager's office. She introduced the lawyer to the manager and repeated the bet "$25,000 says the manager's balls are square!" The manager agreed with the bet > again and the old lady asked him to drop his pants so they could all see. The manager complied.

Reflection Worksheet Essay

Please use the information from your interview to complete this worksheet. Submit this worksheet in the Module 2: Assignment Dropbox no later than Day 7 of Module 2. Include vocabulary and concepts from your reading and course site to support and illustrate your own insights. In preparation for the papers you’ll write later in this course, take the time to organize your thoughts for each question and write clearly. 1. Summarize how you were rated on the 4 components of Interpersonal Effectiveness. Where are you doing well? Where do you need some practice? (Simply report your findings – do not explain your position). For the 4 components of Interpersonal Effectiveness, I was rated decently. In Emotional Intelligence, the only thing that I need to improve on is staying calm when speaking; I have a tendency to raise my voice and be overly intense. For Mindfulness, I was rated highly; I do posses the ability to maintain my full attention to the person and allow the person to speak before I do. Ethics was also rated highly, being able to keep in mind the situations of others. Competence was high, as well, I’m able to put aside my own differences in order to better understand others. 2. Discuss the differences and similarities between your interview results and your own self-assessment in Module 1: Discussion 2. How are people’s perceptions of your interpersonal effectiveness in alignment (or not) with your own? What surprised you? Honestly, I was not surprised by the results of the interview and my own self-assessment. I knew coming into the interview that I needed to work on some things, specifically, Emotional Intelligence. I’ve always had a temper when talking with someone and they are either not listening to me or not understanding where I’m coming from. It does seem that when I’m talking to someone I don’t really know, my Emotional Intelligence is in check. I’m able to tone down how I respond or act in unfamiliar territory when it comes to others. 3. How easy or hard was it for you to stay open-minded and non-defensive? Why? What did you have to do to stay open-minded and non-defensive? It was somewhat easy for me to stay open-minded and non-defensive because I was talking with someone I’m comfortable with. One thing I’ve learned is when you are faced with talking to someone you don’t necessarily agree with, it’s easy to put yourself in their shoes. Not getting so caught up in my feelings and ideas help me to maintain a leveled head. I have to remind myself that everyone is entitled to their opinions and ideals and I don’t have to like them but I do need to respect them. Having talked with someone I know did make me keeping all of that in mind, a little easier to do. 4. Why do you think you are being perceived as you are? Consider the perception process as outlined in Chapter 2 (i.e. selection, organization, interpretation, negotiation). For example, did your partner notice or â€Å"select† different behaviors than you expected? Or, did he/she think or â€Å"interpret† your behavior in ways that were different from what you intended? I think why I’m being perceived the way I am is because of my body language. The moment I folded my arms my partner knew I was becoming defensive. When I place my hand under my chin to rest my head, my partner assumed I was bored which was not the case at that time, I genuinely wanted to just hold my hand under my chin. Some perceptions that my partner saw and explained how they were feeling about it weren’t all accurate. My partner pointed out things that I didn’t realize I was doing and took it as disrespect but some habits I have are just that – habits. 5. Summarize 2 key insights from this assignment. What do you know now about your behavior and interpersonal effectiveness that you didn’t know before? There really wasn’t any behaviors and interpersonal effectiveness that I didn’t know already. This assignment did make some behaviors stand out more than others, such as, Emotional Intelligence. I’ve known I have a problem with remaining calm and not â€Å"wear my emotions on my sleeve† when having a conversation with someone and I don’t agree with what they’re saying. This assignment definitely pulled that out in full force and made me realize how often I do it. If anything that was a behavior that I didn’t notice that I do quite often in conversation. 6. Identify 2 actions you can take (i.e. new behaviors you can practice) that will immediately help you improve your interpersonal effectiveness. Be specific. One action I can take that will improve my interpersonal effectiveness is becoming a more active listener. Instead of just â€Å"waiting to speak† I can be present in that moment of conversation with someone and attentively listen. A second action I could practice would be to keep in mind Emotional Intelligence. Making sure I refrain from â€Å"wearing my emotions on my sleeve† and not get too involved in how things are said as much as what is being said. Listening with an open and clear mind will help me improve how I interact with others.

Parts of Speech Essay

When the idea of the traditional eight parts of speech comes to mind, flashbacks to sitting in the back row of my middle school English language class flourish through my brain. I don’t remember too much about them today, however I do know that it was drilled into my brain until we could fully understand and use them all. The eight parts of speech: such a key component of language, yet such a complicated piece of my learning career. Out of all eight of the parts of speech, the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection, the ones that I remember the most are the verb and the noun. I am not quite sure how such basic ideas of language can be so complicated to actually explain. My previous days of schooling were definitely not the most challenging or puzzling. So how is it that I use these in depth concepts in daily conversations? I honestly think that in my earlier school days, we simply discussed all of these eight parts of our language and never actually were shown how they are all connected. As I look back now, the approach to teaching the basic patterns of the English language, such as these key parts of speech, have never been too effective. These parts of speech constantly keep being brought up in my daily life yet somewhere along the lines, we get caught up in simply knowing the parts of speech rather than being able to use them effectively on our pieces of written work. All of these great facts have no purpose if we are unable to use them in our daily lives. Reminiscing back to this seemingly simple concept really does stress how important proper grammar and knowing how to make the eight parts of speech useful truly is. As a student entering the world of learning again, the importance of being a good writer and being well-spoken increasingly influences my life. To be a good writer is one thing, to honestly know what you’re trying to portray through your work is a completely different idea on it’s own. Being knowledgeable about the parts of speech and how they can be used in many facets of language is fantastic. Naming the parts of speech in isolation does not bring focus to how important these words can be, but knowing how to effectively use them in writing is what truly is important. These eight  concepts of writing came up all throughout the early years of my educational career and they’re importance is brewing back up once again in my life. Concepts in language never go away, making them one of the most important and best things you can ever learn, just hopefully this time they can stick!