Definition and Examples of English Morphology

Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially regarding morphemes, which are the smallest units of language. They can be base words or components that form words, such as affixes. The adjective form is  morphological. Morphology Over Time Traditionally, a basic distinction has been made between morphology—which is primarily concerned with the internal structures of words—and syntax, which is primarily concerned with how words are put together in sentences. The term morphology has been taken over from biology where it is used to denote the study of the forms of plants and animals ... It was first used for linguistic purposes in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher (Salmon 2000), to refer to the study of the form of words, noted Geert E. Booij, in An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. (3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2012) In recent decades, however, numerous linguists have challenged this distinction. See, for example, lexicogrammar and lexical-functional grammar (LFG), which consider the interrelationship—even interdependence—between words and grammar. Branches of and Approaches to Morphology The two branches of morphology include the study of the breaking apart (the analytic side) and the reassembling (the synthetic side) of words; to wit, inflectional morphology concerns the breaking apart of words into their parts, such as how suffixes make different verb forms. ​Lexical word formation, in contrast, concerns the construction of new base words, especially complex ones that come from multiple morphemes. Lexical word formation is also called lexical morphology and derivational morphology. Author David Crystal gives these examples: For English, [morphology] means devising ways of describing the properties of such disparate items as a, horse, took, indescribable, washing machine, and antidisestablishmentarianism. A widely recognized approach divides the field into two domains: lexical or derivational morphology studies the way in which new items of vocabulary can be built up out of combinations of elements (as in the case of in-describ-able); inflectional morphology studies the ways words vary in their form in order to express a grammatical contrast (as in the case of horses, where the ending marks plurality). (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) And authors Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fuderman also discuss and give examples of the two approaches this way: The analytic approach has to do with breaking words  down, and it is usually associated with American structuralist linguistics of the first  half of the twentieth century....No matter what language were looking at,  we need analytic methods that are independent of the structures we are examining; preconceived notions might interfere with an objective, scientific analysis. This is especially true when dealing with unfamiliar languages.The second approach to morphology is more often associated with theory than with methodology, perhaps unfairly. This is the synthetic approach. It basically says, I have a lot of little pieces here. How do I put them together? This question presupposes that you already know what the pieces are. Analysis must in some way precede synthesis. (Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman, What Is Morphology? 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)

Buster Business Plan Essay - 1624 Words

Debra J. Lawrence LA6525017 Management 190-SP Entrepreneurship Business Plan BUSINESS PLAN Buster’s Retail Store 1501 Maple St P.O. Box 2534 Tacoma, Washington 98453 * INTRODUCTION * DESCRIPTION * PURPOSE * OWNER/EMPLOYEES * FINANCIALS * SALES FORCAST * PRO FORMA STATEMENT * MARKETING * OPERATIONS * LEGAL/SUNDRY * MAJOR CHALLENGES Introduction and brief description of the venture a. Buster’s is currently a small store operating in the lobby of the Sparks Building, a large office building, located at 15th and Maple in downtown Tacoma, Washington. Buster’s occupy 1,000 sq ft on the first floor b. Our vision for Buster’s is to ultimately expand to a chain of†¦show more content†¦e. The current employees will be compensated at $12.00 - $15.50 per hour. The new full-time employees will be compensated at $9.00 per and the part-time employee will receive $8.00 per hour. All full-time employees will receive additional benefits (health insurance, workers compensation, cafeteria and life insurance.) Wage adjustments are anticipated to be about 4% per year Financials Research indicates that the revenue requirements to add an additional store come to $250,000, which is largely single time fees associated with opening the store. These costs are financed through owner personal financing, private investors and loans from the SBA. It should be noted that we expect to be operating at a loss for the first six months before advertising begins to take effect and draw in customers. Buster’s will be receiving periodic inflow of cash to cover operating expenses during the upcoming two years in order to sustain profitability. Most of this funding has been arranged through lending institutions and private investors. No anticipation of cash flow problems is expected during the next three years. Sales Forecasts Buster’s expects a strong rate of growth at the start of operations. Below are the expected financials over the next three years. Pro Forma Income Statement: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pro-Forma Income Statement | | | Busters, Inc. | | | |Show MoreRelatedbusters business plan Essay1854 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction a) This business plan describes a proposed venture to expand Busters from a one-store to two-store operation. b) Busters is a small retail store located in the lobby of a thriving large ofï ¬ ce building. It currently has three employees and sells snacks, sandwiches, beverages, cards, newspaper, books and small gift items. c) Ultimately, we hope to expand Busters so that it becomes a chain of 10-15 stores situated in the downtown ofï ¬ ce buildings. 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Related literature on food carts Essay Example For Students

Related literature on food carts Essay Getting a food cart franchise package: what are the advantages? Why food cart Franchise? Potential franchisees sometimes wonder if franchising is a necessary process, and may ask why they couldnt simply start a business on their own. The findings of the government suggest that franchisees enjoy a significant competitive advantage over the stand-alone or single business operators. They showed a study that 88% of franchise companies which opened in the previous five years were still in business under the same owner and only 4% Of these businesses failed. Also, a survey in that same article showed percent of all ewe businesses that started over a 10 year period dissolved Within their first six years. The percentages of success may vary with the study and that there maybe other studies out there but still reach same conclusion most suggest that a franchised business have a higher chance of success than independent, start-alone businesses. Here are some of the advantages of having a Food cart franchise: Food cart franchise are cheaper and have less lease or rent cost. Food cart franchise are transferable, since they can be moved easily or if the location is not profitable, Food Girt franchise are easy to operate and manage. Food cart franchise requires one to two personnel only. Food cart franchise needs a small space/location so it is easier to find one. Food cart franchise are easy to maintain, lowering overhead costs. Food cart franchise are ideal for businesses offering limited products or services, Food cart franchise can capture a wider market because location is along the ways of malls and commercial centers, Expansion is easy since it needs less capital. Reasons contributing to this include: A food cart franchise is a copy or duplicate, if you may, of an already successful business. The true value of a food cart franchise is the experience, know-how, and the operation procedures that comes with it. In franchising, there is the value added advantage of brand name recognition. There are also support Structure from the franchise company that the franchisee can take advantage of. A franchise avoids the costly trial-and- error periods that causes so many Start-up businesses to fail and close up. Http://franchisebusinessphilippines. Com/why-food-cart-franchise-business, The Effect of the Marketing Practices on small shops in South African townships ,) A complete paradigm shift in managerial thinking, in terms of service quality deliverance through the continual education and training of staff in fields such as customer care, customer satisfaction and customer service. i,) The product offering needs to be more consistent and reliable, ensuring that an overall perception is created within the minds of consumers. Attention needs to he given to details (such as checking expiry dates) in delivering services and products. Iii. ) owners/managers need to spend more time building relationships with their customers. This will assist in receiving regular feedback from customers in terms of customer satisfactions It helps to develop customer loyalty as customers enjoy pers onalized attention. Shops in Mendicants should, therefore, be more sensitive to the unique needs of their customers. Iv. ) The pricing policy of the shops in Mendicants should also be based on accepted accounting procedures and not only on intuition. Owners/managers Of shops in Mendicants indicated low levels Of adoption Of the marketing strategy concept. This suggests that an opportunity exists for these owners or managers to be educated on how to adopt marketing strategies hat enhance profitability. Furthermore, grocery shop owners,managers also regarded price as the most important aspect when applying the earmarking strategy mix. This implies that grocery shops in Mendicants compete primarily based on price. According to the study findings, these grocery shops also need to adopt the other 3 As of the marketing strategy, namely product, place and packaging in order to be more profitable. The owners/managers of grocery shops did, however, indicate that they lack the necessary funds to embark on extensive marketing practices.

Learning And Development Essays - Family, Human Behavior

Learning And Development Learning and Development: Does Birth Order Affect Who Children Become? Birth order is a topic studied by many psychologists through numerous different studies and conflicting viewpoints. In respect to the order in which children are born, psychologists have labeled specific personality traits for each child. While psychologists continue to disagree on the amount of emphasis to be placed on birth order and personality, studies have shown family size can be a determining factor in a childs learning and development. First-born, middle, youngest, and only children are the common birth order positions most commonly studied by psychologists. Alfred Adler, a major personality theorist, often studied the issue of birth order. He believed that the demands of each birth order position typically, but not inevitably, structure the way the parents treat the child and help define the childs resulting personality, (Parker, 1998, p.29). Frank Sulloway, author of the book Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives, states: Siblings compete with one another to secure physical, emotional, and intellectual resources from parents. Depending on differences in birth order, gender, physical traits, and aspects of temperament, siblings create differing roles for themselves within the family system. These differing roles in turn lead to disparate ways of currying parental favor. (Epstein, 1997, p.51) First-born children are more widely studied and have been found to have higher responsibilities within the family and a greater need for achievement. Strong self-discipline, a need for approval by others, susceptibility to social pressure, and conformity to authority and regulation are also common personality traits of first-borns. Middle-born children are more focused toward social relationships rather than fulfilling task demands and are the most ambitious and competitive. The youngest children tend to be less adjusted than middle-born children, are most likely to experience feelings of inadequacy. Only children tend to desire being the center of attention, have feelings of inferiority, and tend to be selfish in regard to sharing personal belongings. Although these personality traits are widely accepted, a national sample by the Academic Advancement of Youth of John Hopkins University found little relationship between birth order and personality. However, a mild relationship betwee n birth order and perfectionism was evident, (Parker 29). Family size is more commonly accepted as a contributing factor to birth order positions. If birth order is held constant, the larger the size of a family tends to be represented by a lower average IQ. First-born, as well as only children are often believed to have superior intellectual development, which can be explained by the greater amount of attention and verbal attention given by parents. This makes sense because parents of first-born and only children are able to focus more of their time with these children. A 1997 survey discovered the impact of a sibling born during the preschool and early grade school years. The first-born child was significantly affected by the birth of a sibling, which resulted in an increase in emotional problems leading to an increase in behavioral problems during the first year. In addition, the learning development of the first-born child significantly decreased due to the substantial changes in the childs learning environment (Baydar, Hyle, &Brooks-Gu nn, 1997, p. 964). First-born children tend to speak sooner than later-born children and have a verbal style known as referential. They are able to more easily learn and speak nouns and put two or more words coherently together. Later-born children are referred to as expressive because their first words often reflect social interactions they have picked up from their parents speaking with the older children, (Graeber, 1997, p.92). A 1996 study by Oshima-Takane, Goodz, and Deverensky concluded that although later-born children and first-born children did not differ in language development, the later-born children had a more advanced speech production (621). The combination of child-directed speech and overheard conversations between the parent and siblings account for this advancement. According to Pfouts 1980 research, first-born children achieve at a higher level than later-born, even when the later-born children are more intellectually gifted. Little difference has been concluded between only childre n and first-born children. Only children do, however, tend to have a significant intellectual advantageattributed from the quality of parent-child interactions in small families, (Parker, 1998, p.30). Socio-economic class should also be